Glycophorins and the MNS blood group system: a narrative review
Lopez, Genghis H., Hyland, Catherine A., & Flower, Robert L. (2021) Glycophorins and the MNS blood group system: a narrative review. Annals of Blood, 6, Article number: 39.
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Description
The MNS blood group system, International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) 002, is second after the ABO system. GYPA and GYPB genes encode MNS blood group antigens carried on glycophorin A (GPA), glycophorin B (GPB), or on variant glycophorins. A third gene, GYPE, produce glycophorin E (GPE) but is not expressed. MNS antigens arise from several genetic mechanisms. Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) contribute to the diversity of the MNS system. A new antigen SUMI (MNS50), p.Thr31Pro on GPA has been described in the Japanese population. Unequal crossing-over and gene conversion are the mechanisms forming hybrid glycophorins, usually from parent genes GYPA and GYPB. GYPE also contributes to gene recombination previously only described with GYPA. Recently, however, GYPE was shown to recombine with GYPB to form a GYP(B-E-B) hybrid. A GYP(B-E-B) hybrid allele encodes a mature GP(E-B) molecule expressing a trypsin-resistant M antigen but no S/s. Another novel glycophorin GP.MOT has been described carrying Mia, Mur, MUT, and KIPP antigens. GP.MOT is encoded by a GYP(B-A) hybrid allele. Newly reported cases of haemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) or haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) due to antibodies to MNS antigens is a constant reminder of the clinical significance of the MNS system. In one HDFN case, anti-U and anti-D were detected in an Indian D–, S–s–U– mother. The S–s–U– phenotype is rare in Asians and Caucasians but it is more commonly found in the African populations. Several types of novel GYPB deletion alleles that drive the S–s–U– phenotype have been recently described. Two large GYPB deletion alleles, over 100 kb, were identified as the predominant alleles in the African population. The use of advanced DNA sequencing techniques and bioinformatic analysis has helped uncover these large gene-deletion variants. Molecular typing platforms used for MNS genotyping are also discussed in this review. In conclusion, this review considers currently recognised MNS antigens and variants, new hybrid alleles and GYPB gene deletion alleles as well as clinical case studies. These new discoveries contribute to our understanding of the complexity of the MNS system to guide decision-making in genetic analysis and transfusion medicine.
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ID Code: | 229621 |
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Item Type: | Contribution to Journal (Review article) |
Refereed: | Yes |
Additional Information: | Funding: The Australian governments fund Australian Red Cross Lifeblood for the provision of blood, blood products and services to the Australian community. |
Measurements or Duration: | 16 pages |
Keywords: | Anti-Mi antibodies, Blood group antigens, Blood group genetics, Blood type, Hybrid glycophorins, Mi antigen (MNS7), MNS blood group system, Variant glycophorins |
DOI: | 10.21037/aob-21-9 |
ISSN: | 2521-361X |
Pure ID: | 108157132 |
Divisions: | Current > QUT Faculties and Divisions > Faculty of Health Current > Schools > School of Biomedical Sciences |
Copyright Owner: | Annals of Blood |
Copyright Statement: | This work is covered by copyright. Unless the document is being made available under a Creative Commons Licence, you must assume that re-use is limited to personal use and that permission from the copyright owner must be obtained for all other uses. If the document is available under a Creative Commons License (or other specified license) then refer to the Licence for details of permitted re-use. It is a condition of access that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. If you believe that this work infringes copyright please provide details by email to qut.copyright@qut.edu.au |
Deposited On: | 12 Apr 2022 05:27 |
Last Modified: | 09 Feb 2025 14:23 |
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