Conserved FimH mutations in the global Escherichia coli ST131 multi-drug resistant lineage weaken interdomain interactions and alter adhesin function

The binding of the type 1 fimbrial adhesin FimH to mannosylated receptors is allosterically regulated to enhance the fitness of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) during urinary tract infection (UTI). Mutations in the two FimH domains (pilin and lectin) located outside the mannose binding pocket have been shown to influence mannose binding affinity, yet the details of the allostery mechanism are not fully elucidated. Here we characterised different FimH conformational states (termed low-affinity tense and high-affinity relaxed conformations) of natural FimH variants using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation techniques and report key structural dynamics differences between them. The clinically dominant FimH30 variant from the pandemic multidrug resistant E. coli ST131 lineage contains an R166H mutation that weakens FimH interdomain interactions and allows enhanced mannose interactions with pre-existing high-affinity relaxed conformations. When expressed in an isogenic ST131 strain background, FimH30 mediated high human cell adhesion and invasion, and enhanced biofilm formation over other variants. Collectively, our computational and experimental findings support a model of FimH protein allostery that is mediated by shifts in the pre-existing conformational equilibrium of FimH, additional to the sequential step-wise process of structural perturbations transmitted from one site to another within the protein. Importantly, it is the first study to shed light into how natural mutations in a clinically dominant FimH variant influence the protein's conformational landscape optimising its function for ST131 fitness at intestinal and extraintestinal niches.