Experience of co-creation with 3D printing: Design model and feasibility test

Co-creation is a promising business strategy as it focuses on customer experience and interactive relationships. 3D printing helps achieve co-creation goals due to its capabilities of product customisation. However, few researchers have acknowledged the method of integrating the two elements for valuable services. To address this procedural knowledge gap, the current study adopts a case study based on the DART (dialogue, access, risk-benefits, and transparency) model of co-creation. Four cases of online 3D design applications were selected and investigated. Initially, through a systematic analysis of the qualitative data, this study conceptualises the design model of the experience of co-creation with 3D printing. Its feasibility is then tested through the co-creation event ‘Designing Necklace Pendant as Mother’s Day Gifts’. Despite its effectiveness, participants’ limitations in creating 3D printable models constitute a challenge in the high-quality co-creation experience. The research findings will inspire service providers and product designers to embrace an entrepreneurship model of experiential consumption business and personalised economy incorporating 3D printing. Besides, the findings will benefit the lead author’s PhD research that might engage students in STEM educational programmes through co-creation with 3D printing for cultivating problem-solving ability.