Mendelian randomization analyses suggest a role for cholesterol in the development of endometrial cancer

, Amant, Frederic, Annibali, Daniela, Ashton, Katie, Attia, John, Auer, Paul L., Beckmann, Matthias W., Black, Amanda, Brinton, Louise, Buchanan, Daniel D., Chanock, Stephen J., Chen, Chu, Chen, Maxine M., Cheng, Timothy H.T., Cook, Linda S., Crous-Bous, Marta, Czene, Kamila, De Vivo, Immaculata, Dennis, Joe, Dörk, Thilo, Dowdy, Sean C., Dunning, Alison M., Dürst, Matthias, Easton, Douglas F., Ekici, Arif B., Fasching, Peter A., Fridley, Brooke L., Friedenreich, Christine M., García-Closas, Montserrat, Gaudet, Mia M., Giles, Graham G., Goode, Ellen L., Gorman, Maggie, Haiman, Christopher A., Hall, Per, Hankinson, Susan E., Hein, Alexander, Hillemanns, Peter, Hodgson, Shirley, Hoivik, Erling A., Holliday, Elizabeth G., Hunter, David J., Jones, Angela M., Kraft, Peter, Krakstad, Camilla, Lambrechts, Diether, Le Marchand, Loic, Liang, Xiaolin, Lindblom, Annika, Lissowska, Jolanta, Long, Jirong, Lu, Lingeng, Magliocco, Anthony M., Martin, Lynn, McEvoy, Mark, Milne, Roger L., Mints, Miriam, Nassir, Rami, Otton, Geoffrey, Palles, Claire, Pooler, Loreall, Proietto, Tony, Rebbeck, Timothy R., Renner, Stefan P., Risch, Harvey A., Rübner, Matthias, Runnebaum, Ingo, Sacerdote, Carlotta, Sarto, Gloria E., Schumacher, Fredrick, Scott, Rodney J., Setiawan, V. Wendy, Shah, Mitul, Sheng, Xin, Shu, Xiao Ou, Southey, Melissa C., Tham, Emma, Tomlinson, Ian, Trovik, Jone, Turman, Constance, Tyrer, Jonathan P., Van Den Berg, David, Wang, Zhaoming, Wentzensen, Nicolas, Xia, Lucy, Xiang, Yong Bing, Yang, Hannah P., Yu, Herbert, Zheng, Wei, , Thompson, Deborah J., , , & (2021) Mendelian randomization analyses suggest a role for cholesterol in the development of endometrial cancer. International Journal of Cancer, 148(2), pp. 307-319.

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<p>Blood lipids have been associated with the development of a range of cancers, including breast, lung and colorectal cancer. For endometrial cancer, observational studies have reported inconsistent associations between blood lipids and cancer risk. To reduce biases from unmeasured confounding, we performed a bidirectional, two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis to investigate the relationship between levels of three blood lipids (low-density lipoprotein [LDL] and high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, and triglycerides) and endometrial cancer risk. Genetic variants associated with each of these blood lipid levels (P < 5 × 10<sup>−8</sup>) were identified as instrumental variables, and assessed using genome-wide association study data from the Endometrial Cancer Association Consortium (12 906 cases and 108 979 controls) and the Global Lipids Genetic Consortium (n = 188 578). Mendelian randomization analyses found genetically raised LDL cholesterol levels to be associated with lower risks of endometrial cancer of all histologies combined, and of endometrioid and non-endometrioid subtypes. Conversely, higher genetically predicted HDL cholesterol levels were associated with increased risk of non-endometrioid endometrial cancer. After accounting for the potential confounding role of obesity (as measured by genetic variants associated with body mass index), the association between genetically predicted increased LDL cholesterol levels and lower endometrial cancer risk remained significant, especially for non-endometrioid endometrial cancer. There was no evidence to support a role for triglycerides in endometrial cancer development. Our study supports a role for LDL and HDL cholesterol in the development of non-endometrioid endometrial cancer. Further studies are required to understand the mechanisms underlying these findings.</p>

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ID Code: 213954
Item Type: Contribution to Journal (Journal Article)
Refereed: Yes
ORCID iD:
Kho, Pik Fangorcid.org/0000-0001-7831-6062
Additional Information: Funding Information: Funding information: Australian National Health and Medical Research Council; VicHealth and Cancer Council Victoria; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation; Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore (A*STAR); The Swedish Cancer Society, Grant/Award Number: 11 0439; The Swedish Labor Market Insurance, Grant/Award Number: 100069; Stockholm County Council and Karolinska Institutet, Grant/Award Numbers: DF 07015, 20110141, 20110483, 20110222; Haukeland University Hospital; The Research Council of Norway; The Norwegian Cancer Society; Melzer Foundation; Helse Vest Grant; Mayo Foundation; Fred C and Katherine B Andersen Foundation; National Cancer Institute of United States Public Health Service, Grant/Award Numbers: P50 CA136393, P30 CA15083, R01 CA122443; Verelst Foundation; Rudolf Bartling Foundation; ELAN fund of the University of Erlangen; Cancer Council Tasmania, Grant/Award Numbers: ID#457636, ID#403031; The Cancer Council Queensland, Grant/Award Number: ID#4196615; National Cancer Institute, Grant/Award Number: U19 CA148065-01; US Department of Health and Human Services, Grant/Award Numbers: HHSN271201100004C, HHSN268201100004C, HHSN268201100003C, HHSN268201100002C, HHSN268201100001C, HHSN268201100046C; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC), Grant/Award Numbers: 090532/Z/09Z, 085475, 068545/Z/02; NHMRC Senior Research Fellowship, Grant/Award Number: APP1061779; NHMRC Early Career Fellowship, Grant/Award Number: APP1111246; Australian Government Research Training Program PhD Scholarship and QIMR Berghofer Postgraduate Top-Up Scholarship, Grant/Award Numbers: 1074383, 396414, 209057; Cancer UK Grant, Grant/Award Number: C1287/A16563; NIH Grant, Grant/Award Numbers: R01 CA77398, R01 CA91019, 2R01 CA082838, CA128008, CA54281, KO5 CA92002, R35 CA39779, NO1 HD23166, RO3 CA80636, RO1 CA75977, RO1 CA 87538, RO1 CA105212, 1R01 CA134958, R01 CA49449, P01 CA087969, UM1 CA186107, U19 CA148065; Genome Canada Grant, Grant/Award Number: GPH-129344; US National Institutes of Health, Grant/Award Numbers: R01-CA058598, R01-CA149429, U19-CA148112, CA1X01HG007491-01; Ovarian Cancer Research Fund; Breast Cancer Research Foundation; Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Grant/Award Number: MOP-86727; US Department of Defence, Grant/Award Number: W81XWH-10-1-0341; Post-Cancer GWAS initiative, Grant/Award Numbers: 1U19 CA148112, 1U19 CA148065, 1U19 CA148537; the National Institutes of Health, Grant/Award Number: CA128978; Cancer Research UK, Grant/Award Numbers: C490/A10124, C8197/A16565, C5047/A10692, C5047/A15007, C5047/A8384, C1281/A12014, C12292/A11174, C1287/A10710, C1287/A10118; European Community's Seventh Framework Programme, Grant/Award Number: 223175; National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Grant/Award Numbers: ID#339435, G0000934, ID#1031333, ID#552402, ID#1109286
Measurements or Duration: 13 pages
Keywords: endometrial cancer risk, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, Mendelian randomization, triglycerides
DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33206
ISSN: 0020-7136
Pure ID: 99671425
Divisions: Current > QUT Faculties and Divisions > Faculty of Health
Current > Schools > School of Biomedical Sciences
Funding Information: Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCCS) cohort recruitment was funded by VicHealth and Cancer Council Victoria. The MCCS was further augmented by Australian National Health and Medical Research Council grants 209057, 396414 and 1074383 and by infrastructure provided by Cancer Council Victoria. Cases and their vital status were ascertained through the Victorian Cancer Registry and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, including the National Death Index and the Australian Cancer Database. This work was conducted using the UK Biobank Resource (application number 25331). The authors thank the many individuals who participated in the Endometrial Cancer Association Consortium studies and the numerous institutions and their staff who supported recruitment. The iCOGS and OncoArray endometrial cancer analysis were supported by National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) project grants (ID#1031333 and ID#1109286). Funding for the iCOGS infrastructure came from: the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement no 223175 (HEALTH-F2-2009-223175) (COGS), Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10118, C1287/A10710, C12292/A11174, C1281/A12014, C5047/A8384, C5047/A15007, C5047/A10692, C8197/A16565), the National Institutes of Health (CA128978) and Post-Cancer GWAS initiative (1U19 CA148537, 1U19 CA148065 and 1U19 CA148112 - the GAME-ON initiative), the Department of Defence (W81XWH-10-1-0341), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) for the CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer, Komen Foundation for the Cure, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, and the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund. OncoArray genotyping of ECAC cases was performed with the generous assistance of the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (OCAC). We particularly thank the efforts of Cathy Phelan. The OCAC OncoArray genotyping project was funded through grants from the US National Institutes of Health (CA1X01HG007491-01, U19-CA148112, R01-CA149429 and R01-CA058598), Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP-86727) and the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund. CIDR genotyping for the Oncoarray was conducted under contract 268201200008I. OncoArray genotyping of the BCAC controls was funded by Genome Canada Grant GPH-129344, NIH Grant U19 CA148065, and Cancer UK Grant C1287/A16563. Pik-Fang Kho is supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program PhD Scholarship and QIMR Berghofer Postgraduate Top-Up Scholarship. Tracy A. O'Mara is supported by an NHMRC Early Career Fellowship (APP1111246) and Amanda B. Spurdle is supported by an NHMRC Senior Research Fellowship (APP1061779). Stage 1 and Stage 2 case genotyping was supported by the NHMRC (ID#552402, ID#1031333). Control data were generated by the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC), and a full list of the investigators who contributed to the generation of the data is available from the WTCCC website. We acknowledge the use of DNA from the British 1958 Birth Cohort collection, funded by the Medical Research Council grant G0000934 and the Wellcome Trust grant 068545/Z/02; funding for this project was provided by the Wellcome Trust under award 085475. NSECG was supported by the EU FP7 CHIBCHA grant, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics Core Grant 090532/Z/09Z, and CORGI was funded by Cancer Research UK. We thank Nick Martin, Dale Nyholt and Anjali Henders for access to GWAS data from QIMR Controls. Recruitment of the QIMR controls was supported by the NHMRC. The University of Newcastle, the Gladys M Brawn Senior Research Fellowship scheme, The Vincent Fairfax Family Foundation, the Hunter Medical Research Institute and the Hunter Area Pathology Service all contributed towards the costs of establishing the Hunter Community Study. The WHI program is funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the US National Institutes of Health and the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHSN268201100046C, HHSN268201100001C, HHSN268201100002C, HHSN268201100003C, HHSN268201100004C and HHSN271201100004C). This work was also funded by NCI U19 CA148065-01. This research has been conducted using the UK Biobank Resource under applications 5122 and 9797. ANECS recruitment was supported by project grants from the NHMRC (ID#339435), The Cancer Council Queensland (ID#4196615) and Cancer Council Tasmania (ID#403031 and ID#457636). SEARCH recruitment was funded by a program grant from Cancer Research UK (C490/A10124). The Bavarian Endometrial Cancer Study (BECS) was partly funded by the ELAN fund of the University of Erlangen. The Hannover-Jena Endometrial Cancer Study was partly supported by the Rudolf Bartling Foundation. The Leuven Endometrium Study (LES) was supported by the Verelst Foundation for endometrial cancer. The Mayo Endometrial Cancer Study (MECS) and Mayo controls (MAY) were supported by grants from the National Cancer Institute of United States Public Health Service (R01 CA122443, P30 CA15083, P50 CA136393, and GAME-ON the NCI Cancer Post-GWAS Initiative U19 CA148112), the Fred C and Katherine B Andersen Foundation, the Mayo Foundation and the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund with support of the Smith family, in memory of Kathryn Sladek Smith. MoMaTEC received financial support from a Helse Vest Grant, the University of Bergen, Melzer Foundation, The Norwegian Cancer Society (Harald Andersens legat), The Research Council of Norway and Haukeland University Hospital. The Newcastle Endometrial Cancer Study (NECS) acknowledges contributions from the University of Newcastle, The NBN Children's Cancer Research Group, Ms Jennie Thomas and the Hunter Medical Research Institute. RENDOCAS was supported through the regional agreement on medical training and clinical research (ALF) between Stockholm County Council and Karolinska Institutet (numbers: 20110222, 20110483, 20110141 and DF 07015), The Swedish Labor Market Insurance (number 100069) and The Swedish Cancer Society (number 11 0439). The Cancer Hormone Replacement Epidemiology in Sweden Study (CAHRES, formerly called The Singapore and Swedish Breast/Endometrial Cancer Study; SASBAC) was supported by funding from the Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore (A*STAR), the US National Institutes of Health and the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation. The Nurses' Health Study (NHS) is supported by the NCI, NIH Grants Number UM1 CA186107, P01 CA087969, R01 CA49449, 1R01 CA134958 and 2R01 CA082838. The authors thank the participants and staff of the Nurses' Health Study for their valuable contributions as well as the following state cancer registries for their help: AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, ID, IL, IN, IA, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, NE, NH, NJ, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, TN, TX, VA, WA, WY. The authors assume full responsibility for analyses and interpretation of these data. The authors also thank Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. Finally, the authors also acknowledge Pati Soule and Hardeep Ranu for their laboratory assistance. The Connecticut Endometrial Cancer Study was supported by NCI, NIH Grant Number RO1CA98346. The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC) is supported by NCI, NIH Grant Number NIH RO1 CA105212, RO1 CA 87538, RO1 CA75977, RO3 CA80636, NO1 HD23166, R35 CA39779, KO5 CA92002 and funds from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. The Multiethnic Cohort Study (MEC) is supported by the NCI, NHI Grants Number CA54281, CA128008 and 2R01 CA082838. The California Teachers Study (CTS) is supported by NCI, NIH Grant Number 2R01 CA082838, R01 CA91019 and R01 CA77398, and contract 97-10500 from the California Breast Cancer Research Fund. The Polish Endometrial Cancer Study (PECS) is supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NCI. The Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO) is supported by the Extramural and the Intramural Research Programs of the NCI. Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCCS) cohort recruitment was funded by VicHealth and Cancer Council Victoria. The MCCS was further augmented by Australian National Health and Medical Research Council grants 209057, 396414 and 1074383 and by infrastructure provided by Cancer Council Victoria. Cases and their vital status were ascertained through the Victorian Cancer Registry and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, including the National Death Index and the Australian Cancer Database. Stage 1 and Stage 2 case genotyping was supported by the NHMRC (ID#552402, ID#1031333). Control data were generated by the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC), and a full list of the investigators who contributed to the generation of the data is available from the WTCCC website. We acknowledge the use of DNA from the British 1958 Birth Cohort collection, funded by the Medical Research Council grant G0000934 and the Wellcome Trust grant 068545/Z/02; funding for this project was provided by the Wellcome Trust under award 085475. NSECG was supported by the EU FP7 CHIBCHA grant, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics Core Grant 090532/Z/09Z, and CORGI was funded by Cancer Research UK. We thank Nick Martin, Dale Nyholt and Anjali Henders for access to GWAS data from QIMR Controls. Recruitment of the QIMR controls was supported by the NHMRC. The University of Newcastle, the Gladys M Brawn Senior Research Fellowship scheme, The Vincent Fairfax Family Foundation, the Hunter Medical Research Institute and the Hunter Area Pathology Service all contributed towards the costs of establishing the Hunter Community Study. The WHI program is funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the US National Institutes of Health and the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHSN268201100046C, HHSN268201100001C, HHSN268201100002C, HHSN268201100003C, HHSN268201100004C and HHSN271201100004C). This work was also funded by NCI U19 CA148065‐01. This research has been conducted using the UK Biobank Resource under applications 5122 and 9797. The Nurses' Health Study (NHS) is supported by the NCI, NIH Grants Number UM1 CA186107, P01 CA087969, R01 CA49449, 1R01 CA134958 and 2R01 CA082838. The authors thank the participants and staff of the Nurses' Health Study for their valuable contributions as well as the following state cancer registries for their help: AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, ID, IL, IN, IA, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, NE, NH, NJ, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, TN, TX, VA, WA, WY. The authors assume full responsibility for analyses and interpretation of these data. The authors also thank Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. Finally, the authors also acknowledge Pati Soule and Hardeep Ranu for their laboratory assistance. The Connecticut Endometrial Cancer Study was supported by NCI, NIH Grant Number RO1CA98346. The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC) is supported by NCI, NIH Grant Number NIH RO1 CA105212, RO1 CA 87538, RO1 CA75977, RO3 CA80636, NO1 HD23166, R35 CA39779, KO5 CA92002 and funds from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. The Multiethnic Cohort Study (MEC) is supported by the NCI, NHI Grants Number CA54281, CA128008 and 2R01 CA082838. The California Teachers Study (CTS) is supported by NCI, NIH Grant Number 2R01 CA082838, R01 CA91019 and R01 CA77398, and contract 97‐10500 from the California Breast Cancer Research Fund. The Polish Endometrial Cancer Study (PECS) is supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NCI. The Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO) is supported by the Extramural and the Intramural Research Programs of the NCI. ANECS recruitment was supported by project grants from the NHMRC (ID#339435), The Cancer Council Queensland (ID#4196615) and Cancer Council Tasmania (ID#403031 and ID#457636). SEARCH recruitment was funded by a program grant from Cancer Research UK (C490/A10124). The Bavarian Endometrial Cancer Study (BECS) was partly funded by the ELAN fund of the University of Erlangen. The Hannover‐Jena Endometrial Cancer Study was partly supported by the Rudolf Bartling Foundation. The Leuven Endometrium Study (LES) was supported by the Verelst Foundation for endometrial cancer. The Mayo Endometrial Cancer Study (MECS) and Mayo controls (MAY) were supported by grants from the National Cancer Institute of United States Public Health Service (R01 CA122443, P30 CA15083, P50 CA136393, and GAME‐ON the NCI Cancer Post‐GWAS Initiative U19 CA148112), the Fred C and Katherine B Andersen Foundation, the Mayo Foundation and the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund with support of the Smith family, in memory of Kathryn Sladek Smith. MoMaTEC received financial support from a Helse Vest Grant, the University of Bergen, Melzer Foundation, The Norwegian Cancer Society (Harald Andersens legat), The Research Council of Norway and Haukeland University Hospital. The Newcastle Endometrial Cancer Study (NECS) acknowledges contributions from the University of Newcastle, The NBN Children's Cancer Research Group, Ms Jennie Thomas and the Hunter Medical Research Institute. RENDOCAS was supported through the regional agreement on medical training and clinical research (ALF) between Stockholm County Council and Karolinska Institutet (numbers: 20110222, 20110483, 20110141 and DF 07015), The Swedish Labor Market Insurance (number 100069) and The Swedish Cancer Society (number 11 0439). The Cancer Hormone Replacement Epidemiology in Sweden Study (CAHRES, formerly called The Singapore and Swedish Breast/Endometrial Cancer Study; SASBAC) was supported by funding from the Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore (A*STAR), the US National Institutes of Health and the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation. This work was conducted using the UK Biobank Resource (application number 25331). The authors thank the many individuals who participated in the Endometrial Cancer Association Consortium studies and the numerous institutions and their staff who supported recruitment. The iCOGS and OncoArray endometrial cancer analysis were supported by National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) project grants (ID#1031333 and ID#1109286). Funding for the iCOGS infrastructure came from: the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement no 223175 (HEALTH‐F2‐2009‐223175) (COGS), Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10118, C1287/A10710, C12292/A11174, C1281/A12014, C5047/A8384, C5047/A15007, C5047/A10692, C8197/A16565), the National Institutes of Health (CA128978) and Post‐Cancer GWAS initiative (1U19 CA148537, 1U19 CA148065 and 1U19 CA148112 ‐ the GAME‐ON initiative), the Department of Defence (W81XWH‐10‐1‐0341), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) for the CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer, Komen Foundation for the Cure, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, and the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund. OncoArray genotyping of ECAC cases was performed with the generous assistance of the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (OCAC). We particularly thank the efforts of Cathy Phelan. The OCAC OncoArray genotyping project was funded through grants from the US National Institutes of Health (CA1X01HG007491‐01, U19‐CA148112, R01‐CA149429 and R01‐CA058598), Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP‐86727) and the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund. CIDR genotyping for the Oncoarray was conducted under contract 268201200008I. OncoArray genotyping of the BCAC controls was funded by Genome Canada Grant GPH‐129344, NIH Grant U19 CA148065, and Cancer UK Grant C1287/A16563. Pik‐Fang Kho is supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program PhD Scholarship and QIMR Berghofer Postgraduate Top‐Up Scholarship. Tracy A. O'Mara is supported by an NHMRC Early Career Fellowship (APP1111246) and Amanda B. Spurdle is supported by an NHMRC Senior Research Fellowship (APP1061779). Australian National Health and Medical Research Council; VicHealth and Cancer Council Victoria; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation; Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore (A*STAR); The Swedish Cancer Society, Grant/Award Number: 11 0439; The Swedish Labor Market Insurance, Grant/Award Number: 100069; Stockholm County Council and Karolinska Institutet, Grant/Award Numbers: DF 07015, 20110141, 20110483, 20110222; Haukeland University Hospital; The Research Council of Norway; The Norwegian Cancer Society; Melzer Foundation; Helse Vest Grant; Mayo Foundation; Fred C and Katherine B Andersen Foundation; National Cancer Institute of United States Public Health Service, Grant/Award Numbers: P50 CA136393, P30 CA15083, R01 CA122443; Verelst Foundation; Rudolf Bartling Foundation; ELAN fund of the University of Erlangen; Cancer Council Tasmania, Grant/Award Numbers: ID#457636, ID#403031; The Cancer Council Queensland, Grant/Award Number: ID#4196615; National Cancer Institute, Grant/Award Number: U19 CA148065‐01; US Department of Health and Human Services, Grant/Award Numbers: HHSN271201100004C, HHSN268201100004C, HHSN268201100003C, HHSN268201100002C, HHSN268201100001C, HHSN268201100046C; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC), Grant/Award Numbers: 090532/Z/09Z, 085475, 068545/Z/02; NHMRC Senior Research Fellowship, Grant/Award Number: APP1061779; NHMRC Early Career Fellowship, Grant/Award Number: APP1111246; Australian Government Research Training Program PhD Scholarship and QIMR Berghofer Postgraduate Top‐Up Scholarship, Grant/Award Numbers: 1074383, 396414, 209057; Cancer UK Grant, Grant/Award Number: C1287/A16563; NIH Grant, Grant/Award Numbers: R01 CA77398, R01 CA91019, 2R01 CA082838, CA128008, CA54281, KO5 CA92002, R35 CA39779, NO1 HD23166, RO3 CA80636, RO1 CA75977, RO1 CA 87538, RO1 CA105212, 1R01 CA134958, R01 CA49449, P01 CA087969, UM1 CA186107, U19 CA148065; Genome Canada Grant, Grant/Award Number: GPH‐129344; US National Institutes of Health, Grant/Award Numbers: R01‐CA058598, R01‐CA149429, U19‐CA148112, CA1X01HG007491‐01; Ovarian Cancer Research Fund; Breast Cancer Research Foundation; Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Grant/Award Number: MOP‐86727; US Department of Defence, Grant/Award Number: W81XWH‐10‐1‐0341; Post‐Cancer GWAS initiative, Grant/Award Numbers: 1U19 CA148112, 1U19 CA148065, 1U19 CA148537; the National Institutes of Health, Grant/Award Number: CA128978; Cancer Research UK, Grant/Award Numbers: C490/A10124, C8197/A16565, C5047/A10692, C5047/A15007, C5047/A8384, C1281/A12014, C12292/A11174, C1287/A10710, C1287/A10118; European Community's Seventh Framework Programme, Grant/Award Number: 223175; National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Grant/Award Numbers: ID#339435, G0000934, ID#1031333, ID#552402, ID#1109286 Funding information
Copyright Owner: 2020 Union for International Cancer Control
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